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William Philip "Phil" Gramm (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician, who has served as a Democratic Congressman (1979–1983), a Republican Congressman (1983–1985) and a Republican Senator (1985–2002) from Texas. He later became a lobbyist for UBS and founded a public policy and lobbying firm, Gramm Partners.〔(Phil Gramm Launches DC Firm – First Street Research Group )〕 He was a senior economic adviser to John McCain's presidential campaign from the summer of 2007 until July 18, 2008. ==Early life and university career== Gramm was born on July 8, 1942 in Fort Benning, Georgia, and grew up in nearby Columbus.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress )〕 Soon after his birth, Gramm's father Kenneth suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed. He died when Gramm was 14. Gramm's mother, Florence (née Scoggins),〔(Florence Gramm, mother of former senator, dies at 91 )〕 worked double shifts as a nurse to supplement the veterans disability pension. Gramm attended public schools, graduated 1961 from ''Georgia Military Academy'' (now Woodward Academy), and graduated 1964 from the University of Georgia.〔 He received a doctorate in economics from the University of Georgia's Terry College of Business in 1967 He then taught economics at Texas A&M University from 1967 to 1978.〔 In addition to teaching, Gramm founded the economic consulting firm Gramm & Associates (1971–1978). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phil Gramm」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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